The data in this archive include measurements of water properties such as temperature, salinity, and turbidity (water clarity). Instruments that obtain these measurements typically store the observations from one or more sensors. The sensors may be an integral part of the logger, or attached by cables, allowing the individual sensors to be mounted at different heights. The instruments may be attached to a mooring or mounted on bottom tripods.

Temperature Loggers

A temperature logger measures temperature at the sensor and logs it at programmed intervals. Many current meters also measure and record temperature. Some thermistors are separate sensors that provide nearly instantaneous measurements of temperature, whereas others are embedded in the instrument pressure housing with a response time of minutes. Measurements made with a variety of sensors are included in the time-series database; observations from Sea-Bird temperature probes are most common (fig. 15). The SBE-3 sensor is used in most Sea-Bird instrumentation. The SBE-3 is accurate to ± 0.001 °C with a stability of ± 0.002 °C per year and calibrations are National Institute of Standards (NIST)-traceable. More information can be found at http://www.seabird.com. USGS has also used high accuracy (+/- 0.002 °C) RBR Ltd. Model TR-1050 oceanographic temperature loggers on subsurface moorings. More information can be found at the manufacturer's web site, http://www.rbr-global.com/. Also used are small, inexpensive Vemco minilogger instruments that are accurate to +/- 0.2 °C. Typical sampling rates are 5 to 15 minutes.

Conductivity and Salinity Measurements

Salinity is calculated from measurements of water conductivity, temperature, and pressure. The several types of conductivity sensors manufactured generally fall into inductive and conductive classes. The type used depends on the deployment platform, location, amount of expected fouling, and effectiveness of methods used to prevent fouling of the sensor. Almost all of the USGS data have been acquired using the Sea-Bird SBE-4 conductivity cell. The sensing element is a cylindrical, flow-through, borosilicate glass cell with three internal platinum electrodes. They are accurate to 0.0003 Siemens per meter (S/m) and calibrations are NIST-traceable. More information can be found at http://www.seabird.com/ and the paper by Peterson and Gregg (1979). Conductivity cells are prone to biofouling and sediment accumulation that can result in a gradual decrease in measured conductivity during the course of a deployment, resulting in an erroneous drop in the calculated salinity.

Sea-Bird MicroCAT

The Sea-Bird MicroCAT CTD (http://www.seabird.com/) is a low cost full ocean capable datalogger that records output from integral SBE-3 temperature and SBE-4 conductivity cells (fig. 16). Data are recorded internally on FLASH RAM memory. They are used where salinity and temperature measurements are needed.

Sea-Bird SEACAT 16

The Sea-Bird SEACAT 16 (http://www.seabird.com/) is a versatile datalogger that records output from SBE-3 temperature and SBE-4 conductivity cells and, depending on options, can power and record additional sets of temperature and conductivity sensors as well as external sensors. These instruments can also flush the sensors to reduce fouling (fig. 17). They are used by USGS where salinity, temperature and other measurements (such as turbidity, see below) are required. When deployed on bottom tripods, the instruments can be equipped with pumps to flush the sensor ducts and reduce salinity errors resulting from sediment accumulation in the cells. Pumping generally is not necessary on moorings, because mooring motions flush the sensor and prevent sediments from accumulating in the conductivity cell. Auxiliary external sensors, such as those for dissolved oxygen, pH, or turbidity, may be attached to the instrument. Data are recorded internally on FLASH RAM memory.

Click on figures for larger images.

Figure 15.

Figure 16.

Figure 17.